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Cuba accuses blogger of cyberwar

Havana says Yoani Sánchez’s Generaton Y blog demonises government and is the tool of neocolonial propaganda The dissident Cuban blogger who was hailed last year as a hero of press freedom has again been attacked by the island’s government for waging a “cyberwar” against the communist regime. Yoani Sánchez — whose Generacion Y blog has won numerous prizes and attracted an international readership for its blunt reflections on Cuban life — was the subject of a TV programme on Monday. The programme, the latest in a series called Cuba’s Reasons, claimed Sánchez was part of a “media campaign” intent on “demonising” socialism. It included grainy videos in which the blogger enters European embassies and the US interests section in Havana, and said she has collected $500,00 [£306,000] in international prizes for her work. “Cyberwar is not a war of bombs and bullets, but of information, communication, algorithms and bytes. It is the new form of invasion that has originated in the developed world,” said the narrator. The Cuba’s Reasons series has tried to show that the US is using new technologies to try to subvert the Havana government. It has coincided with the trial and conviction of the US aid contractor Alan Gross, who has been jailed since December 2009 for allegedly trying to bring the internet to government opponents. Earlier this month, Gross was sentenced to 15 years in prison by a panel of judges in a case that has strained US-Cuba relations. Sánchez herself has shrugged off the latest attack, taking to Twitter to announce: “I am so happy. Finally the alternative blogosphere on official television, although it’s to insult us.” She added: “They don’t know what they’ve done! Pandora’s Box has been smashed open!” Sánchez also thanked all those who had texted her. “I can’t keep tweeting all the texts of support,” she wrote. “There are too many of them and I have only 10 fingers!” It is not the first time that Sánchez has drawn the ire of the ruling regime. In November 2009, the blogger said she had been beaten up by a group of thugs hired to silence her as she travelled to a peaceful protest. And three years ago — shortly after Cuba denied her permission to travel to Spain to collect the prestigious Ortega y Gasset journalism award for her blog — Fidel Castro himself appeared to express his disapproval. In a book about his relationship with Bolivia, Castro alluded to the fact that Sánchez had told an international news agency that she had been barred from travelling to Europe. “What is grave isn’t so much affirmations of this type that are divulged immediately by imperialism’s mass media,” the former president wrote, but that there are young Cubans who “assume the job of those who undermine, and of the neocolonial press of the ancient Spanish metropolis that awards them”. In an interview with the Spanish newspaper El País in April 2008 , Sánchez explained why she blogged: “The official discourse in Cuba is stagnant and that’s why blogs offer a fresh perspective. They’re like drops of water: each one of them, as it hits the wall, can end up doing a lot of damage — knocking it down. It’s the young people who control technology and they often feel moved to express their opinions.” Cuba Sam Jones guardian.co.uk

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Cuba accuses blogger of cyberwar

Havana says Yoani Sánchez’s Generaton Y blog demonises government and is the tool of neocolonial propaganda The dissident Cuban blogger who was hailed last year as a hero of press freedom has again been attacked by the island’s government for waging a “cyberwar” against the communist regime. Yoani Sánchez — whose Generacion Y blog has won numerous prizes and attracted an international readership for its blunt reflections on Cuban life — was the subject of a TV programme on Monday. The programme, the latest in a series called Cuba’s Reasons, claimed Sánchez was part of a “media campaign” intent on “demonising” socialism. It included grainy videos in which the blogger enters European embassies and the US interests section in Havana, and said she has collected $500,00 [£306,000] in international prizes for her work. “Cyberwar is not a war of bombs and bullets, but of information, communication, algorithms and bytes. It is the new form of invasion that has originated in the developed world,” said the narrator. The Cuba’s Reasons series has tried to show that the US is using new technologies to try to subvert the Havana government. It has coincided with the trial and conviction of the US aid contractor Alan Gross, who has been jailed since December 2009 for allegedly trying to bring the internet to government opponents. Earlier this month, Gross was sentenced to 15 years in prison by a panel of judges in a case that has strained US-Cuba relations. Sánchez herself has shrugged off the latest attack, taking to Twitter to announce: “I am so happy. Finally the alternative blogosphere on official television, although it’s to insult us.” She added: “They don’t know what they’ve done! Pandora’s Box has been smashed open!” Sánchez also thanked all those who had texted her. “I can’t keep tweeting all the texts of support,” she wrote. “There are too many of them and I have only 10 fingers!” It is not the first time that Sánchez has drawn the ire of the ruling regime. In November 2009, the blogger said she had been beaten up by a group of thugs hired to silence her as she travelled to a peaceful protest. And three years ago — shortly after Cuba denied her permission to travel to Spain to collect the prestigious Ortega y Gasset journalism award for her blog — Fidel Castro himself appeared to express his disapproval. In a book about his relationship with Bolivia, Castro alluded to the fact that Sánchez had told an international news agency that she had been barred from travelling to Europe. “What is grave isn’t so much affirmations of this type that are divulged immediately by imperialism’s mass media,” the former president wrote, but that there are young Cubans who “assume the job of those who undermine, and of the neocolonial press of the ancient Spanish metropolis that awards them”. In an interview with the Spanish newspaper El País in April 2008 , Sánchez explained why she blogged: “The official discourse in Cuba is stagnant and that’s why blogs offer a fresh perspective. They’re like drops of water: each one of them, as it hits the wall, can end up doing a lot of damage — knocking it down. It’s the young people who control technology and they often feel moved to express their opinions.” Cuba Sam Jones guardian.co.uk

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Why writers need good readers

Even the disappointment and loneliness of starting out as a writer doesn’t have to be terrible – if you can find a reader you can trust I’m lying down, Best Beloveds. This is as close as I get to a hobby. Over the weekend I attempted to establish sleeping as a further leisure activity, but I’m afraid that the vast list of things I have to do before most days break – or, indeed, I myself break – made that impossible. So lying down and working – it’s almost as good as a rest. Not that I am complaining about being in work. Being in work is a good thing. Being in work when you are self-employed and me – and your employer is therefore almost as mentally sturdy as Charlie Sheen – is a less good thing. Not that I’m in any way chemically enhanced, or unhanced – I can forget why I’ve ended up in the kitchen again and am holding a single shoe without any assistance from prescribed or clandestinely imported substances. When I shake my head my brain thumps against its sides like a neatly parcelled corpse in the boot of a slewing car. Meanwhile, I have been asked to write a little about the typist’s progress from hoping-to-be-published-anywhere-at-all-ever to dear-God-shoot-me-just-in-the-shin-then-I’ll-get-a-day-off. This is, of course, both a happy progression and something that should be much better organised in my case. Here, I’ll try and look at what we might call the very early days. The awful and wonderful early days. So, to begin at the beginning. My own experience of starting out was haphazard and almost certain to fail. I didn’t really intend to write, I was simply living in a tiny, cold bedsit with no other ways of being constructive. (And if your only way to prove yourself useful is by producing a steady trickle of maimed and ugly short stories, you should probably take a good look at yourself.) I joined a writer’s group and then remembered that I don’t like groups. I sent off stories without really researching my target magazines who duly returned my efforts, often accompanied only by a scribble on a square of paper slightly larger than a commemorative stamp. I had occasional successes, and an encouraging letter of rejection, or – dear God – an acceptance, or – good heavens – not just a free copy of “Quentin’s Quarterly Gallimaufry”, but a check for 20 quid, could light up my month. I was more often disappointed than not, but I was also learning that I cared about this. I cared so much that I would start again after every sad envelope flopped in, write something else, forget that it hurt to be knocked back. I was writing by hand with later multicoloured corrections as nervousness and tinkering racked up rewrites. There weren’t really any personal computers about (imagine that). A bit of planning before I’d started and then stepping back for an overview would have helped me much more than altering things blindly and investing affection, rather than criticism. As it was, I ended up with page after page of Jackson Pollocked nonsense. I didn’t know any better. I wanted advice, but I was afraid that someone well-informed would simply tell me I shouldn’t bother because I was incurably dreadful. I felt lonely and pointless and hungry. If you’re at that stage now then you have my sympathy – it’s horrible. And it’s worse now: opportunities to get involved with tutoring, or reviewing, or workshops are evaporating; the publishing landscape is ever-shrinking as are advances; there are fewer magazines out there and fewer anthologies; there are fewer places for new books in bookshop chains. And, yes, it may be that you don’t ever get published and reach anyone’s shelves. You may be a risk that someone would have taken 10 years ago, while today you seem unaffordable. You may be a good writer, but unlucky. There may be a day when you fold that set of ambitions away and set your mind to something else. We have to consider this. But if you haven’t given up yet, I can say – and I think I am being honest about this – that even this initial grind needn’t turn out to be 100% horrible. Really. It needn’t. When everything about writing is a slog and you seem to be getting nowhere, your lack of pressing demands from numerous admirers does mean you have the time to sit back and consider why you’re putting all this effort into what appears to be an unrewarding relationship. You’re flinging out the best love letters you can, you’re breaking your heart and no one’s answering, but on you go regardless – why? If your answer is that you love what you’re doing and couldn’t abandon it without being someone other than yourself, then you probably have to keep slogging. The certainty that you have to write can be a pain in the neck, but it’s also a great, firm truth to build around – the shysters and manipulators and compromise-peddlers won’t be able to shake you, if you fasten yourself to that. And if you are eventually successful and your work as an author does take off in one direction or another it’s not unlikely that there will be other times when, for other reasons, you come to doubt if the effort is worth it, or if you’re suited to it. Your experience in those first, hard times will be there for you then. If you’ve not had enough money and not had enough support (or any support), if people have thought you were crazy and yet you’ve kept on and tried to learn your craft and taken notes and practised observation and made horrible mistakes and pondered giving up and listened and puzzled and fretted and wasted your time and woken at three in the morning being shaken by the best idea you’ve ever met and fought sentences for days until they’ve actually rolled over and let you win, then you already, deeply, know that you’re a writer. You already know that you kept writing, even when you had no reason to. You already know that it calls in you, that it’s a good thing, a life-changing thing and that you’d be foolish to ignore it. Way back when I was at my beginning I summoned up the courage to find my local writer in tesidence – we had one, funded by the Scottish Arts Council – and he read my material while I felt nauseous. Then he showed me how to make cocoa. Thinking back on it, making cocoa is probably all he could think of to do with someone who was clearly a ball of pure tension and liable to cry, if not faint, at any moment. I’ve been in his position since and it’s hard to be correctly tender and correctly firm with someone who’s just handed you an armful of their dreams – cocoa might not be a bad distraction. Someone who has fully committed to their work, pressed everything they can into word after word – because half-measures won’t cut it – they will have more than a little interest in what you think of the results. I sat and pondered my gradually cooling mug while he talked me through the two or three stories I’d handed over and was factual about their flaws and kicked the crap out of one of the endings – I still remember – and generally bludgeoned me. It was sore by the time we’d finished, but it was wonderful, too. Here was a writer who was talking to me as if I were a writer. I wasn’t a good writer – what I’d done was full of flaws and holes and silliness – but somebody qualified had read my work and thought it had enough merit to deserve close examination. I left knowing how to make cocoa – I still use his method – and feeling bruised. But I also knew it was all right. Somehow, it was going to be all right. I would start again, and I would rewrite. So Dear Readers, I wish you the very best attentions of a reader you can trust. Quite possibly this won’t be all 38 variously deluded members of your workshop, or your partner, or a secretly embittered relative, or a stranger on a bus, or anyone you have to pay. You’ll need somebody who cares about writing, who wants to help, quite possibly who wants to pass along the help they received when they were starting out. I wish you a Good Reader. Onwards. Fiction AL Kennedy guardian.co.uk

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Track the Middle East protests from their beginnings

How a Tunisian man’s self-immolation in December 2010 erupted into pro-democracy rebellions across the Arab world Garry Blight Sheila Pulham

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You quiz Philip Hammond

I’m interviewing Hammond on Thursday. What would you like me to ask him? Everyone’s got a gripe about transport. Philip Hammond, the transport secretary, is the man in charge of dealing with them. I’ve got an interview with him on Thursday and I’d like to know what you want me to ask. At the moment the biggest project on his plate is high-speed rail, which, depending on your view, is either a far-sighted investment that will transform Britain’s economy or a wasteful, multibillion vanity project. There’s a speech from Hammond setting out the case for high-speed rail here, the consultation document is here (pdf), and the Department for Transport’s high-speed rail site is here. For a summary of the case against, this polemic from Andrew Gilligan is a good starting point. But I don’t want to focus exclusively on HS2 (high speed two – HS1 is the line from London to the Channel Tunnel). On Monday this week Hammond announced a series of measures relating to drink-driving, including his decision not to lower the drink-drive limit. Other recent announcements have been on subjects like repairing winter potholes, changing the rail franchise system, modernising rail carriages and promoting electric cars . I’d be interested to hear suggested questions on these topics, or anything else in the transport portfolio. I might also try some questions about the general political situation. Hammond was shadow chief secretary to the Treasury before the election and we’ll be speaking on the day after the budget. His thoughts on the coalition may be worth hearing too. A fairly conventional Conservative (here’s his Wikipedia entry), Hammond is now teamed up with the leftish, free-thinking Liberal Democrat Norman Baker, who is based in the department as a junior minister. I’m curious about how they’re getting on. Transport policy Transport Andrew Sparrow guardian.co.uk

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‘England is to end NHS as we know it’

SNP minister Nicola Sturgeon says that Scotland will avoid private sector involvement in its health service if it regains power The former Conservative Chancellor Nigel Lawson once observed that the NHS was the closest thing the British had to a “national religion”. If that’s true, then for the past four years its high priestess in Scotland has been Scottish National party MSP Nicola Sturgeon. And with elections to the Scottish Parliament just weeks away, she now has her eyes on a second term in office. “I think it would be a very complacent politician who says yes, I’ve achieved everything I wanted to,” she told Guardian Healthcare. “I’ll always look back and think there’s more I could have done. But there has been a reduction in waiting times for cancer patients, and a massive reduction of 17% in hospital infections.” Indeed, such is Sturgeon’s record as health secretary, even her political opponents are privately full of qualified praise. “Safe pair of hands”, says one, “a politicians’ politician” another. Sturgeon’s stature has also risen after four years at the helm of the Scottish health service, no mean feat given the tricky nature of her brief. So does she think the SNP – rather than Labour – can now claim to be the party of the NHS? “I don’t think any political party should claim the NHS as its own, but yes, I think we have significantly increased our credibility – I don’t think anybody could reasonably say we can’t be trusted with the NHS after the past four years.” The SNP is acutely aware of the political potency of healthcare. Alex Salmond, the party’s leader and first minister, has already pledged to protect the NHS from cuts if he wins a second term. But while the ring fencing of health spending in England makes it possible to protect funding in Scotland for the foreseeable future, Sturgeon’s approach to healthcare delivery is orthodox compared with the modernising approach of Andrew Lansley south of the border. There, says Sturgeon, “I don’t think it’s an exaggeration to say that it will end the NHS in England as we know it”. “It’s interesting that they’re majoring on GP commissioning,” she adds, “and although I wouldn’t favour that model, that’s not actually the most objectionable part of what they’re trying to do. Rather it’s the ‘any willing provider’ part – that will open up the health service to private companies cherry-picking the most profitable bits, while the NHS is left with the less profitable stuff.” Sturgeon’s hostility to private involvement in the NHS is well known, and she has no ideological hang ups in admitting as much. Critics say it proves she’s not a creative thinker, with no desire for radical reform. Instead Sturgeon prefers more cautious change, pursuing efficiency savings and consolidation of existing services, while she expects the Christie Commission, a review of the Scottish public sector due to report after the election, to result in more structural reform. “Now I’m not a big fan of structural reform,” says Sturgeon, “not least because it doesn’t save that much money and distracts you from more important considerations. But I think in the next Parliament we will want to drive forward integration of health and social care. We also want to see special health boards working more closely together, with back-room services increasingly being shared and moves towards central procurement – these are the directions we’re already going in.” Another direction the SNP has committed to going in is a 25% reduction in senior NHS managers in the next parliamentary term. Sturgeon’s keynote speech to her party’s pre-election conference also included an ambitious initiative to improve the early detection of cancer, backed by £30m from the extra £1bn already committed to the health budget over the next four years. “We’ve got a really good record on cancer,” explains Sturgeon, “but we’ve not made the impact on cancer survival I’d have liked. We’re behind the rest of Europe because too many people in Scotland – by the time they actually see a doctor – are already too far advanced.” But if there’s any unfinished business from the SNP’s first term in government, it’s minimum pricing for alcohol. This clearly still rankles with Sturgeon, who calls Labour’s decision to vote against the provision “shameful”. But will it stand any more chancing of winning parliamentary support after the election? “Yes, I think it will,” says Sturgeon. “Labour being belligerent in year three/four of a Parliament when there’s an election coming up is very different from the early years of a new Parliament in which the SNP have a renewed mandate. We will fight for this.” So how does Sturgeon think her congregation perceives its high priestess? “In the community of health professionals some will support the SNP, some won’t; some will think I’m doing a good job, and some won’t,” she says diplomatically. “I hope, generally speaking, the SNP is seen to be doing a good job for the NHS. I think – I hope – that for the past four years the SNP and the health service have been pretty much on the same wavelength.” This article is published by Guardian Professional. Join the Guardian Healthcare Network to receive regular emails on NHS innovation. Scotland Strategy England Suppliers GP commissioning Efficiency Health and social care Finance Policy guardian.co.uk

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Missing woman captured on CCTV

Police release images of Sian O’Callaghan leaving Suju nightclub last Saturday hoping they will jog memories Detectives investigating the disappearance of Sian O’Callaghan, who disappeared after a night out with friends in Swindon, have released CCTV footage of her last known movements. The 22-year-old disappeared after leaving Suju nightclub in Swindon at about 2.50am on Saturday to walk the half mile home to the flat she shared with her boyfriend, Kevin Reape. Analysis of O’Callaghan’s mobile phone records suggests that 32 minutes after she left the club her phone was somewhere in the 4,500-acre Savernake forest, near Marlborough. Police say the journey there could only have been made in a vehicle and they are continuing to search the forest. Wiltshire police released footage of office administrator O’Callaghan leaving the Japanese-themed nightclub and hope it will jog revellers’ memories about what she was doing at the club and who was with her. The footage shows her walking downstairs, past a reception desk and out on to the street past a small group of men. Police stressed the times shown on the CCTV are inaccurate and urged anyone who remembered seeing her to contact them. O’Callaghan’s boyfriend led the appeal for help in finding her at a press conference called by the police. “We all want to know where Sian is and we want her home safe and well,” he said. “Sian is a bubbly, lively person and is instantly liked by everyone she meets.” Reape, 26, who raised the alarm at 9.45am on Saturday when she had not returned to their flat, added: “Someone out there must have seen or known where she is and we just want them to come forward and contact the police. “This is a terrible time for all of us and we are praying for Sian’s safe return. “If Sian is listening and doesn’t want to contact us I beg her to at least ring the police.” Police say her disappearance is totally out of character. Steven Morris guardian.co.uk

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Safety breaches at UK reactors

Inspectors criticise EDF Energy for electricity failures and ‘unplanned shutdowns’ at its reactors in East Lothian last year EDF Energy, the company that runs Britain’s nuclear power stations, has been reprimanded by government inspectors after a series of safety blunders at reactors in Scotland. Two reactors at Torness in East Lothian have suffered failures in electricity supplies, several “unplanned shutdowns”, and a seaweed blockage. It was the loss of power caused by the earthquake and tsunami that triggered the still unfolding nuclear disaster at Fukushima in Japan . The revelations have reignited concerns about the safety of Britain’s nuclear stations. French-owned EDF Energy admitted that it had not followed the correct procedures, but insisted that there had been no danger to the public. A report posted online by the UK government’s Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (NII) discloses that there were two significant safety “events” at Torness in the last three months of 2010. “Correct operational procedures appear not have been observed,” says the report. In one incident, an equipment malfunction cut off the electricity supplied to a gas circulator. Gas circulators are critical components because they ensure that air is kept moving to cool reactor fuel and prevent it from overheating. The second incident also involved problems with electricity supply, though this time to a radioactive fuel dismantling facility at Torness. According to EDF Energy, the two events, which both occurred last September, were “entirely unconnected”. The NII report says: “The events included contributions from operators not complying in full with the instructions provided to ensure safe limits and conditions are observed during plant operations.” Nuclear inspectors have written to EDF Energy requiring more information about the incidents, and have received a response. The NII is satisfied there is “no immediate safety issue” but has left open the possibility of taking enforcement action in the future. The report, which covers the final three months of 2010, also reveals that one Torness reactor had “several unplanned shutdowns, requiring action to correct adverse conditions which affected operation of the reactor”. This happened after the reactor had restarted after a planned maintenance shutdown. In addition, the second reactor at Torness had to be manually shut down because the screens that take in seawater for cooling were blocked by a large mass of seaweed. Inspectors identified “a number of areas where further enhancement may be possible” in the safety arrangements for dealing with seaweed. “These are all events that should ring very loud alarm bells,” said Pete Roche, an Edinburgh-based nuclear consultant and editor of the no2nuclearpower.org.uk website . “As we’ve seen with Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and now Fukushima, a combination of unexpected events all happening at once can quickly lead to a serious accident because of the highly dangerous nature of the fuel used to power these reactors.” The Scottish Nationalist MSP, Shirley-Anne Somerville , said: “EDF Energy must confirm that these issues have been resolved and that they have every measure in place to make sure there are no further problems at the plant.” She added: “The SNP’s opposition to nuclear power has been long held and while there are nuclear power stations operating in Scotland we must take every possible step to ensure their safety.” EDF Energy, which owns British Energy, operates eight nuclear power stations across Britain. It is also the lead company bidding to build a new programme of nuclear power stations in England . The director of Torness, Paul Winkle, argued that the company had a good safety record and welcomed input by the NII. The problems with electricity supplies to the gas circulators occurred because “one piece of a group of equipment failed”, he said. “While power to one gas circulator was removed, others operated as normal, as they are designed to do, and there was, therefore, no possibility of losing cooling.” The issue with power supplies to the radioactive fuel dismantling facility was reported to the NII because “we hadn’t followed procedure exactly as we should”, he added. According to Winkle, the seaweed blockage had been predicted by “sophisticated monitoring systems”. None of the incidents had caused any danger to staff, plant or the public, he insisted. Nuclear power Energy EDF Energy Rob Edwards guardian.co.uk

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Water crisis needs more than money

One billion people lack basic water supplies and 2.6 billion lack access to sanitation. But we must invest wisely and locally Tuesday is World Water Day, an occasion to celebrate water and its crucial contribution to human life in all its forms. To mark the occasion, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has released a report that gathers available evidence on the benefits of investing in water and sanitation services. The emphasis of the report is on presenting the facts and figures in a way that can grab the attention of policy-makers and investors. So let’s start with the facts: almost 1 billion people lack access to safe water supplies, and 2.6 billion are without access to basic sanitation. Approximately 10% of the global burden of disease worldwide could be prevented with improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene and better water resource management. Wastewater often reaches the environment untreated or insufficiently treated, resulting in major impacts on surface waters and associated ecosystems as well as economic activity that uses these resources. Providing access to clean drinking water and sanitation can reduce health risks and can free up time for education and other productive activities, as well as increasing the productivity of the labour force. In times of budget austerity, sanitation and hygiene promotion can be an extremely efficient allocation of public resources. An earlier study, produced by the Disease Control Priorities Project , a World Bank-funded NGO examining health priorities in the developing countries, found that hygiene and sanitation promotion cost respectively $3 and $11 per DALY averted (disability adjusted life year – a measure of overall disease burden ), compared to $922 per DALY for the provision of antiretroviral therapy against Aids for example). The cost-effectiveness and multiple benefits of investing in sanitation are now being investigated in further detail by SHARE , a DFID -funded research consortium with a £10m budget over five years, which aims to accelerate progress on sanitation and hygiene in developing countries by generating research, and ensuring new and existing solutions are adopted at scale. Depending on when and how such investments are carried out, some “disbenefits” may emerge along the way, however. Lessons can be learned from history there. The Great Stink of London in 1858, which prompted MPs to support the construction of what became the first major sewerage system in the western world, was partly the result of the introduction of the advanced pour-flush toilet, seen at the time as more modern and technologically advanced. This resulted in a massive influx of water, causing cesspits to overflow into the Thames and its affluents. Investment must be holistic and intelligent. Today’s developing world is laden with examples of projects that created more harm than good when not combined with sanitation investments and hygiene education, as more water going through taps and toilets can cause more dirty water pools on the streets, attracting flies and spreading diseases. Despite the fact that investing in water and sanitation generates clear benefits (with benefit-to-cost ratios as high as 7-to-1 for basic services in developing countries), the sector remains woefully underfunded. Sanitation, in particular, is the poor parent and one of the most off-track UN millennium development goals. Governments are commonly unaware of the costs of inaction. The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe and sustainable access to water and sanitation services, estimated that Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam lose an aggregated $9bn a year due to poor sanitation, equivalent to 2% of their combined GDP. This is comparable to the impact from climate change in the region estimated by the Stern Review – however, economic losses from sanitation are acutely felt in the present, as opposed to far away in the future. In Indonesia, WSP found that the results of this study contributed to raising awareness and facilitated a major realignment of government priorities onto improving sanitation as a way to underpin economic growth. So, does the water and sanitation sector need its own Stern review, to highlight the urgency and the magnitude of the needs at global level? The OECD report shows that this would be extremely challenging and of comparatively more limited use than for climate change. The magnitude of the benefits from water and sanitation can vary significantly depending on local factors, such as the prevalence of diarrheal diseases, population density or the quality of receiving waters. The full magnitude of the benefits often cannot be measured, as they would include non-economic benefits that are difficult to quantify , such as improvements in dignity, social status, cleanliness and overall well-being. Most importantly, remedial actions are to be taken at the local level. A global, coordinated policy response (assuming it were feasible) would be of less use for water and sanitation than for climate change. Instead, the report calls for developing a coherent methodology to estimate the impact of inadequate water and sanitation and conveying these critical messages to local decision-makers. Reliable benefit information could be used to encourage users to invest in their own services (particularly when demand is weak, as for sanitation), to support critical public investment decisions, to optimise investment strategies and to allocate costs to those who are most willing to bear them. • Sophie Trémolet is an independent consultant in the water and sanitation sector, who blogs on her company’s website here . She was the lead author of the OECD report on benefits of investing in water and sanitation and is a core member of the SHARE research consortium, led by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Water Millennium development goals Sanitation Hygiene guardian.co.uk

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Former Israeli PM jailed for rape

Former Israeli president set to appeal after being jailed for raping one woman and sexually harassing two other staff Former Israeli president Moshe Katsav has been sentenced to seven years in prison for rape and other sexual offences following a year-long trial which ended with his conviction in December. Katsav, president from 2000 to 2007, said he was innocent and was being persecuted by the courts and Israeli society at large. He is expected to appeal. Katsav was convicted of two counts of rape of an employee at the tourism ministry, where he was minister from 1996-1999. He was also convicted of the indecent assault and sexual harassment of two other employees at the President’s Residence in Jerusalem during his presidency. The president was given the chance of a plea bargain in which he could admit lesser charges but chose to fight all charges in a trial which, although conducted in private, was accompanied by leaks from both sides in the media. The judges told the court: “The crime of rape damages and destroys a person’s soul … Due to the severity of the crime, the punishment must be clear and precise. The defendant committed the crime and like every other person, he must bear the consequences. No man is above the law.” Katsav, 65, sobbed and interrupted the judges repeatedly. “You are all wrong. It’s all lies … The women know they are lying. They are laughing at this judgment,” he said. The former president was also ordered to pay 100,000 shekels (£17,000) to the rape victim and 25,000 shekels to each of the other victims. The rape victim, known in public as Complainant A, told the Israeli press on Monday: “I am not vengeful, but I think the court should send a message. Regardless of how many years he spends in prison, Katsav will always be a villain. The number of years is not the issue here, but the harsh verdict, which proved that Katsav committed these despicable acts and raped me.” While police investigations and trials of prime ministers and ministers is reasonably common in Israel – the former prime minister, Ehud Olmert and current foreign minister, Avigdor Lieberman are both currently being investigated on suspicion of financial crimes – the enormity of Katsav’s crimes has shocked Israel. Katsav migrated to Israel from Iran in 1951, his early life was typical of the hardship experienced by many Middle Eastern Jews who migrated to Israel. He and his family lived in a succession of tented transit camps until one was renamed the development town of Kiryat Malakhi, which became his political base. Many Middle Eastern Jews felt discriminated against by the European elite in the early days of the Israeli state. Katsav’s political career mirrored the growing self-confidence of Middle Eastern Jews which translated into the rise of the Likud party, which eventually broke the Labour party domination of Israeli government. The first day of Katsav’s incarceration has not yet been made public. He has been given 45 days to appeal to the supreme court. Israel Middle East Conal Urquhart guardian.co.uk

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