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China’s population rapidly ageing

Figures reflect sharp increase in moves to towns and cities in past decade and effect after 30 years of one-child policy China, the world’s most populous nation, is at the very brink of becoming an urban country, according to the first details of last year’s census. Almost half the 1.34 billion-strong population – 49.7% – now live in cities, compared with just a fifth when economic reforms began in earnest in 1982. The finding is among the results of the largest ever population-counting exercise in the world: a project so vast it required 6 million census takers . Although the annual average growth rate has slowed since the last survey was taken, from 1.07% to 0.5%, China still added more than 73.9 million people over the decade: more than the entire population of the UK. The figures, released today by the National Bureau of Statistics, underline the enormous challenges facing a country with a rapidly ageing population and huge demographic shifts. They also highlight arguments about the need to reform the country’s strict one-child birth control policies. The number of young people fell sharply as a proportion of the population, with under-14s accounting for just 16.6% of the population, down 6.3 percentage points from 2000. Meanwhile, the number of people over 60 rose by nearly three percentage points, to 13.3% of the total population. China must now sustain the remarkable development that has made it the world’s second largest economy with a shrinking workforce and growing number of dependents. Officials believe that without the strict one-child policy – which actually allows many in the countryside and some in the cities to have two children – the population would have grown by an extra 400 million people over the last three decades. But it was only supposed to last for 30 years and many now believe the country needs to move towards a uniform two-child policy, to tackle the issue of ageing and perceptions of unfairness. In a meeting of senior leaders ahead of the release of the figures, China’s president, Hu Jintao, said the country should adhere to the basic state policy of family planning, maintain a low birth rate and deal with its population problems, the state news agency Xinhua reported. Although some read that as a repudiation of change, others saw it as a public acknowledgement of debates on how to manage family planning. The remarks do not rule out changes to the rules, which would almost certainly be made gradually because officials fear that abrupt shifts could cause an enormous boom in births. The authorities have gradually introduced a series of exemptions in recent years. Wang Feng, a population expert and director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Centre for Public Policy in Beijing, told the Associated Press that Hu’s comments were “highly significant”. “I take this as an important signal that the debate has reached a high level and that changes will be on the way,” he said. Ma Jiantang, commissioner of the National Bureau of Statistics, said his understanding of Hu’s speech was that China “needed to follow closely the new situation and changes. On this basis we will have further studies and research on the rules.” The one-child policy has also contributed to the large gap between male and female births, although experts believe other factors play a bigger role: India, which has no such policies, has a similar disparity. Ma said the number of excess male births was slightly higher in 2010 than 2000, with 118.06 boys to every 100 girls, up from 116 to every 100. But the trend was unclear, with a 2009 sampling showing 119.45 boys to every 100 girls. “We take the challenges reflected in this figure very seriously and will adopt more effective measures including promoting gender equality and equal remnuneration … We are confident the ratio will gradually move towards a normal one,” he said. Ma thanked all those involved in the mammoth effort to enumerate the population and “in particular those comrades who sacrificed their lives for the census”. “They will forever stay with us and we will forever remember them,” he said. The bureau said the deaths were “mostly due to health and working issues”, but did not give any further details. Other figures issued on Thursday indicate striking social changes. The average household size has shrunk from 3.44 people to 3.1, thanks to an increasing tendency for young couples to live alone – rather than with parents – as well as declining fertility and rising migration. The number of migrants living outside their registered township rose by more than 100 million, to 221 million, in the last decade, the figures showed. The astonishing expansion in higher education is also documented. In 2000, 3,611 people in every 100,000 had been to university; by last year that had more than doubled to 8,930. China Population Tania Branigan guardian.co.uk

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China’s population rapidly ageing

Figures reflect sharp increase in moves to towns and cities in past decade and effect after 30 years of one-child policy China, the world’s most populous nation, is at the very brink of becoming an urban country, according to the first details of last year’s census. Almost half the 1.34 billion-strong population – 49.7% – now live in cities, compared with just a fifth when economic reforms began in earnest in 1982. The finding is among the results of the largest ever population-counting exercise in the world: a project so vast it required 6 million census takers . Although the annual average growth rate has slowed since the last survey was taken, from 1.07% to 0.5%, China still added more than 73.9 million people over the decade: more than the entire population of the UK. The figures, released today by the National Bureau of Statistics, underline the enormous challenges facing a country with a rapidly ageing population and huge demographic shifts. They also highlight arguments about the need to reform the country’s strict one-child birth control policies. The number of young people fell sharply as a proportion of the population, with under-14s accounting for just 16.6% of the population, down 6.3 percentage points from 2000. Meanwhile, the number of people over 60 rose by nearly three percentage points, to 13.3% of the total population. China must now sustain the remarkable development that has made it the world’s second largest economy with a shrinking workforce and growing number of dependents. Officials believe that without the strict one-child policy – which actually allows many in the countryside and some in the cities to have two children – the population would have grown by an extra 400 million people over the last three decades. But it was only supposed to last for 30 years and many now believe the country needs to move towards a uniform two-child policy, to tackle the issue of ageing and perceptions of unfairness. In a meeting of senior leaders ahead of the release of the figures, China’s president, Hu Jintao, said the country should adhere to the basic state policy of family planning, maintain a low birth rate and deal with its population problems, the state news agency Xinhua reported. Although some read that as a repudiation of change, others saw it as a public acknowledgement of debates on how to manage family planning. The remarks do not rule out changes to the rules, which would almost certainly be made gradually because officials fear that abrupt shifts could cause an enormous boom in births. The authorities have gradually introduced a series of exemptions in recent years. Wang Feng, a population expert and director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Centre for Public Policy in Beijing, told the Associated Press that Hu’s comments were “highly significant”. “I take this as an important signal that the debate has reached a high level and that changes will be on the way,” he said. Ma Jiantang, commissioner of the National Bureau of Statistics, said his understanding of Hu’s speech was that China “needed to follow closely the new situation and changes. On this basis we will have further studies and research on the rules.” The one-child policy has also contributed to the large gap between male and female births, although experts believe other factors play a bigger role: India, which has no such policies, has a similar disparity. Ma said the number of excess male births was slightly higher in 2010 than 2000, with 118.06 boys to every 100 girls, up from 116 to every 100. But the trend was unclear, with a 2009 sampling showing 119.45 boys to every 100 girls. “We take the challenges reflected in this figure very seriously and will adopt more effective measures including promoting gender equality and equal remnuneration … We are confident the ratio will gradually move towards a normal one,” he said. Ma thanked all those involved in the mammoth effort to enumerate the population and “in particular those comrades who sacrificed their lives for the census”. “They will forever stay with us and we will forever remember them,” he said. The bureau said the deaths were “mostly due to health and working issues”, but did not give any further details. Other figures issued on Thursday indicate striking social changes. The average household size has shrunk from 3.44 people to 3.1, thanks to an increasing tendency for young couples to live alone – rather than with parents – as well as declining fertility and rising migration. The number of migrants living outside their registered township rose by more than 100 million, to 221 million, in the last decade, the figures showed. The astonishing expansion in higher education is also documented. In 2000, 3,611 people in every 100,000 had been to university; by last year that had more than doubled to 8,930. China Population Tania Branigan guardian.co.uk

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75% on sick benefit ‘able to work’

Majority of people who apply for sickness benefit are found fit to work or drop claims before they are completed, official figures show Three-quarters of claimants who apply for sickness benefit are found fit to work or abandon their claims before completing their medical assessment, according to the latest figures published by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). However, initial assessments of people’s fitness to return to the workplace have been overturned in almost four in 10 cases where individuals appealed. The employment and support allowance (ESA) replaced incapacity benefit and income support for new claimants in October 2008, accompanied by a work capability assessment – a controversial computerised test used to judge claimants’ ability to work . If found fit to work, the individual can no longer claim ESA, though they can ask for the decision to be reviewed or launch an appeal. The DWP figures, which cover the period from October 27 2008 to August 31 2010, shows that during that period 887,300 of the 1,175,700 applicants for ESA failed to qualify for any assistance. Of those, 458,500 (39%) were judged fit to work, while 428,800 (36%) ditched their claim. A further 16% were placed in the “work-related activity group”, where individuals are deemed able to take on some level of work but still receive a level of ESA support. Over one-third (36%) of people who made a claim for ESA between October 2008 and February 2010 and were found to fit to work at assessment have appealed to date, with the original decision overturned in almost four in 10 cases (39%). The DWP said it expects that more appeals from assessments made during this period have yet to be heard. Chris Grayling, the employment minister, said the number of claimants assessed to be fit to work underlined the need to reassess people still on the old form of incapacity benefit, a process the government began rolling out last month. “Once again we have clear evidence of the need for change in our welfare system,” Grayling said. “We now know very clearly that the vast majority of new claimants for sickness benefits are in fact able to return to work. That’s why we are turning our attention to existing claimants, who were simply abandoned on benefits. That’s why we are reassessing all of those claimants, and launching the work programme to provide specialist back to work support.” Grayling promised the government would continue to provide “unconditional support” to those who cannot work. “But for those who can it’s right and proper that they start back on the road to employment,” he added. Disability Welfare Work & careers Chris Grayling Hélène Mulholland guardian.co.uk

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75% on sick benefit ‘able to work’

Majority of people who apply for sickness benefit are found fit to work or drop claims before they are completed, official figures show Three-quarters of claimants who apply for sickness benefit are found fit to work or abandon their claims before completing their medical assessment, according to the latest figures published by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). However, initial assessments of people’s fitness to return to the workplace have been overturned in almost four in 10 cases where individuals appealed. The employment and support allowance (ESA) replaced incapacity benefit and income support for new claimants in October 2008, accompanied by a work capability assessment – a controversial computerised test used to judge claimants’ ability to work . If found fit to work, the individual can no longer claim ESA, though they can ask for the decision to be reviewed or launch an appeal. The DWP figures, which cover the period from October 27 2008 to August 31 2010, shows that during that period 887,300 of the 1,175,700 applicants for ESA failed to qualify for any assistance. Of those, 458,500 (39%) were judged fit to work, while 428,800 (36%) ditched their claim. A further 16% were placed in the “work-related activity group”, where individuals are deemed able to take on some level of work but still receive a level of ESA support. Over one-third (36%) of people who made a claim for ESA between October 2008 and February 2010 and were found to fit to work at assessment have appealed to date, with the original decision overturned in almost four in 10 cases (39%). The DWP said it expects that more appeals from assessments made during this period have yet to be heard. Chris Grayling, the employment minister, said the number of claimants assessed to be fit to work underlined the need to reassess people still on the old form of incapacity benefit, a process the government began rolling out last month. “Once again we have clear evidence of the need for change in our welfare system,” Grayling said. “We now know very clearly that the vast majority of new claimants for sickness benefits are in fact able to return to work. That’s why we are turning our attention to existing claimants, who were simply abandoned on benefits. That’s why we are reassessing all of those claimants, and launching the work programme to provide specialist back to work support.” Grayling promised the government would continue to provide “unconditional support” to those who cannot work. “But for those who can it’s right and proper that they start back on the road to employment,” he added. Disability Welfare Work & careers Chris Grayling Hélène Mulholland guardian.co.uk

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Aircraft carriers could cost £7bn

HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales were officially estimated to cost £4bn when announced in 2007 The cost of building two new aircraft carriers for the navy, which has already risen significantly because of delays, has soared and could eventually total as much as £7bn, it has emerged. The latest increases are largely the result of a decision in last year’s defence review to equip HMS Prince of Wales, the second of the carriers due to enter into service by 2020, with aircraft catapults and traps. The first carrier, HMS Queen Elizabeth, will be mothballed when it is completed, leaving Britain without a carrier able to take aircraft for 10 years. The carriers were officially estimated to cost less than £4bn when they were announced in 2007. The estimate rose to £5bn last year after the Ministry of Defence decided to delay the construction programme to put off costs. Short-term savings led to cost increases in the longer term. “Cats and traps” will enable the Prince of Wales to be equipped with the naval version of the US Joint Strike Fighter, cheaper than the hugely expensive short take-off and vertical landing version the MoD initially decided to buy. It will also mean that British and French planes could land on each other’s carriers, a feature outlined in the British-French defence co-operation agreement signed last year. The new estimate that the two carriers could now cost £6bn and possibly £7bn is believed to have been suggested by the makers, the Aircraft Carrier Alliance consisting of BAE Systems, Thales and Babcock. The MoD said: “The conversion of the Queen Elizabeth Class will allow us to operate the carrier variant of the Joint Strike Fighter that carries a greater payload, has a longer range and is cheaper to purchase.” It added: “Final costs are yet to be agreed and detailed work is ongoing. We expect to take firm decisions in late 2012.” Critics of the defence review argue that the Ark Royal and Harrier jumpjets, scrapped last year, would have given Britain much cheaper options over Libya than the Tornados the RAF is relying on for air strikes. The government argues that the Tornados can carry more modern missiles and have a greater range. Military Defence policy Richard Norton-Taylor guardian.co.uk

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Bahrain to execute Shia protesters

Four men have been sentenced to death over the killing of two policemen in anti-government protests last month A Bahraini military court has sentenced four Shia protesters to death over the killing of two policemen during anti-government protests last month. Three other men were sentenced to life in prison in the first verdicts related to a pro-democracy uprising, which was crushed with military help from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries. The seven were tried behind closed doors on charges of premeditated murder of government employees. Their lawyers denied the charges. Hundreds of thousands of Bahrain’s Shia-led opposition have called for greater rights and freedoms in the Sunni monarchy. Authorities have detained hundreds since martial law was declared last month to quell dissent. Government officials have said that four policemen were killed during the unrest in February and March, at least three of whom were run over by cars around 16 March. Hundreds of protesters, opposition leaders and human rights activists have been detained since emergency rule was declared on 15 March . Earlier this month, the authorities banned media from covering legal proceedings in the country’s military courts. Among those detained are also dozens of Shia professionals, such as doctors and lawyers, including a lawyer who was due to defend some of the seven opposition supporters in the military court. The lawyer, Mohammed al-Tajer, is one of Bahrain’s most prominent human rights lawyers. He has represented hundreds of clients against the state, including Shia activists accused of plotting against the Sunni monarchy that has ruled Bahrain for more than 200 years. At least 30 people have died since 15 February, when anti-government protests erupted in Bahrain. Four opposition supporters have also died in police custody. Bahrain is the home of the US navy’s 5th Fleet. Bahrain last issued a death sentence in 2007, and before that had condemned only one person to die over the preceding three decades. That verdict came in the mid-1990s, during the greatest unrest Bahrain had seen before this year’s protests. Bahrain Capital punishment Protest Arab and Middle East unrest guardian.co.uk

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Perfect coronation chicken

Retro classic or best left in the 50s? This not-so-posh nosh revamp could make a right royal triumph of your wedding supper How the mighty have fallen. From royal favourite to sadly soggy sandwich-filling in a single reign, coronation chicken has experienced a decline in fortunes that would give even Fergie’s accountant cause for concern. But then this 50s favourite has never been quite as posh as it seems. Created by the founder of Le Cordon Bleu cookery school, Rosemary Hume – rather than her better-known business partner, celebrity florist Constance Spry, as is often claimed – poulet reine Elizabeth , as it was originally known, was a deliberate and tactful compromise between the luxurious and the thrifty for a country still under the dreary yoke of postwar rationing. When I used my assembled family as (strangely carnivorous) guinea pigs over the Easter weekend, my father recalled how in his postwar childhood chicken was a Christmas treat and curry nothing but a vaguely bohemian rumour in his part of south London. So he was as surprised as anyone to hear that, according to cultural historian Joe Moran, coronation chicken was “designed as Britain’s first ‘TV dinner’” . Hume knew that anyone who had access to a set would be glued to it all day – hence, to be a success, her dish had to be easy both to prepare in advance and to eat with a fork. So practical was her creation that it proved an instant hit with the fashionable hostesses of the decade: “Not since Escoffier invented peach melba has a dish so fast become so famous,” Prue Leith has observed. It may be more retro than regal these days, but those same qualities make coronation chicken a useful party standby some 60 years on – whether you’re celebrating the royal wedding or International Workers’ Day . The original Rosemary Hume’s original recipe contains a few surprises. For a start, instead of just chucking in any old bit of leftover poultry, I’m instructed to poach a chicken specially with parsley, thyme and bay, plus peppercorns and carrot, and allow it to cool in the liquid before pulling the meat off the bone. The dressing, meanwhile, is more complicated than the modern mess of mayo and curry powder would have one believe. After softening some onion in oil, I stir in curry powder, tomato puree and half a glass each of red wine and water, bringing it all to the boil before seasoning with salt, sugar, pepper and lemon juice and letting the mixture simmer for 10 minutes. Once cooled, I fold it through mayonnaise and add 1 tbsp apricot puree, made from soaked and boiled dried apricots. It’s finished with 2 tbsp whipped cream, and then just enough of this mixture is added to “coat the chicken lightly”. No luridly oozing sandwiches here. It’s paler and pinker than the stuff we’re used to, and unexpectedly delicate in flavour. “I think this would have tasted more exotic in 1953,” my brother suggests, while my sister-in-law thinks the mayonnaise overpowers the spice. I quite like the combination of sweet fruit and tangy lemon juice, but it still lacks oomph to the modern palate. The fancy Telegraph food guru Xanthe Clay has kindly prepared the ground for me on this occasion : in a piece last summer, she came to the conclusion that a “modern and sassy” recipe from reader Simon Scutt was the queen bee’s knees of coronation chicken, though “it takes a bit of effort”, she admits – and the lady’s not kidding. After roasting my chicken with orange, cinnamon and bay leaves, I strip the carcass and use it to make a spicy stock with onion, garlic, white wine, fenugreek, coriander, cumin, curry powder and dried red chilli. While this is reducing, I make a saffron, turmeric, milk, white wine and mango chutney marinade (keeping up?) and stir in fresh coriander, sultanas and chopped dried apricot. After waiting for both to cool, I mix them together and stir them into the chicken, then put it all in the fridge overnight where it sets to a day-glo yellow jelly. Just before serving (phew) I fold through toasted curry powder and ground coriander, creme fraiche and mayonnaise, which dilute the dish to a pleasant sunshine shade – everyone’s very eager to try this one. Some reckon the roasted chicken has a better flavour than the poached stuff, though the latter is undeniably juicier; the sauce has a less enthusiastic reaction – “it’s a bit bland and liquid”, my sister-in-law says, while my brother reckons it’s the buffet equivalent of a chicken korma: “Some people go into restaurants and order it, and they like it – but it’s not exactly exciting.” I’m disappointed that, after all the effort, it’s so underwhelming. Sorry Simon and Xanthe, but no crown for this one. The cheat’s version My previous attempts at coronation chicken have always involved Sunday’s leftovers, so I’m back on familiar ground with Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall’s recipe for cold cooked chicken. The dressing is simplicity itself: 2 tbsp “good spicy fruit chutney” (I use mango, in keeping with the Anglo-Indian theme), mixed with 1 tbsp “good Madras curry powder” and equal parts Greek yoghurt and mayonnaise and tossed through the meat, which is then left to marinate for a couple of hours and finally garnished with toasted almonds and chopped coriander. The sandy colour looks the part to our modern eyes, and the assertively fruity, spicy flavour wins fans too – everyone loves it, although my mum points out quite rightly that the raw curry powder adds a harsh note to the dressing. The yoghurt stops the mayonnaise from taking over the dish, without imparting the slightly buttery flavour of creme fraiche. A solid, crowd-pleasing recipe for anyone in a hurry – and I love the crunch of the nuts. The healthy take The National Dining Rooms at London’s National Gallery ought to know a thing or two about British cookery, and their recipe intrigues me. Like Hugh’s it uses a mixture of yoghurt and mayonnaise, but adds apricot conserve, fresh ginger and Worcestershire sauce to the curry powder. Other rogue elements include peas, sherry-soaked raisins and fresh parsley and coriander, folded into a rice salad with peppers and spring onions. The peas and raisins remind me forcefully of school curries of the 1980s and I think the jam is too sweet, but I like the tang of the Worcestershire sauce and the lightness of the dressing. For a buffet, it’s more elegant to serve the rice and salad separately too. The maverick Nigella Lawson is not apparently a lady to kowtow to royalty, and her take on the dish – renamed, perhaps wisely, golden jubilee chicken – is characteristically irreverent. (“Believe me,” she insists in her introduction, “no political affiliations are thereby intended”.) I mix cubes of fresh mango with finely chopped spring onion and red chilli, and spritz the whole lot with lime juice before adding chunks of cooked chicken, shredded little-gem lettuce and a handful of chopped coriander. Instead of mayonnaise there are groundnut and sesame oils. It’s fresh and zingy, but this is a dish that curtsies to south-east Asian rather than Anglo-Indian cuisine, and on a practical note I’m not sure how long it would be happy to sit around on the buffet table. Perfect coronation chicken Coronation chicken is a dish begging to be rescued from the retirement home of the chiller cabinet and given the respect it deserves: as Simon Hopkinson tartly observes, “those cowboys who continue to think that bottled curry paste mixed with Hellmann’s is in any way a reasonable substitute here need a good slap with a cold chapatti”. Like the monarchy itself, it’s evolved in the last 60 years. The modern palate demands more spice and a lighter, fresher flavour – and these days, with the kingdom of herb and spices available to us, it’s easy to update Rosemary Hume’s recipe to make a dish fit for a 21st-century queen (and the rest of us too). Serves 6 1 chicken, about 1.5kg 1 cinnamon stick 5 black peppercorns Pinch of saffron 1 tsp salt 4cm piece of fresh ginger Bay leaf 5 tbsp good quality mango chutney (I swear by Geeta’s ) 50g ready-to-eat dried apricots, finely chopped 2 tbsp good curry powder 2 tsp Worcestershire sauce 200ml homemade mayonnaise 200ml Greek yoghurt 50g flaked almonds, toasted Small bunch fresh coriander, chopped Green salad and basmati rice, to serve 1. Put the chicken, breast-side up, in a large pan along with the cinnamon, peppercorns, saffron, salt, the bay leaf and half of the ginger and fill with cold water until only the top of the breast is exposed. Cover with a lid and bring to a simmer, then turn down the heat so only the occasional bubble rises to the surface. Cook gently for about one and a half hours until the juices run clear. Take out of the pan and set aside to cool, then remove the meat in bite-sized pieces while lukewarm. Finely chop the rest of the ginger. 2. Put the mango chutney and apricots into a large bowl. Toast the curry powder in a dry frying pan until fragrant, then add the chopped ginger and stir both into the bowl, followed by the Worcestershire sauce, then the mayonnaise and yoghurt. Season to taste. 3. Once the chicken is cold, fold it through the dressing and refrigerate for at least a couple of hours before folding through most of the coriander and serving topped with the almonds, with a green salad and basmati rice. So – is curried chicken salad a party must-have in your house, or a dish best left in the 1950s? How do you make it or did you last have it in a soggy sandwich? Food & drink Chicken recipes Main course recipes Meat recipes Royal wedding Monarchy Weddings Felicity Cloake guardian.co.uk

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Tomlinson inquiry sum-up begins

Full coverage of the judge’s summing up at the inquest into the death of Ian Tomlinson at the 2009 G20 protests in London 10.44am: In answer to a question from a reader, Tomlinson’s family are here, including his widow Julia and stepson Richard. Harwood is not at today’s hearing. 10.43am: The question of whether Harwood acted reasonably is an objective test, says Judge Thornton. Was the actual force used reasonable? He reminds the jury that Harwood said it was “a very poor push” but others said it was more significant. Having seen the footage, the jury can determine that, the judge says. If the jury members are sure at the higher standard of proof that the answer to the question about whether the force used in the push was not reasonable, they must find that the police officer acted unreasonably, judge Thornton says. 10.38am: A baton strike or push by any person is an assault unless justified by the law, says Thompson. The police were entitled to clear the passage on the day of the G20 protests. The judge directs the jury that the dispersal sweep of Royal Exchange Buildings was lawful. But police officers should have avoided the use of force if at all avoidable, says Thornton. To test any use of force it must be asked: 1. What did the police force perceive the facts to be? 2. Did he act reasonably? The first test is a subjective one, says judge Thornton, but it should be borne in mind that Tomlinson was walking in the direction police officers wanted him to go. Witnesses said he was not a threat, including other police officers, the judge tells the jury. Harwood also said “he was not a threat to him or any other police officer”. But Harwood said that in his perception Tomlinson was walking towards the police line. The jury will have to decided whether Harwood was “honestly mistaken given that events happened quickly” or “has he lied about it for his own ends”, Thompson says. 10.34am: Judge Thornton explains that unlawful killing occurs when a person “deliberately and unlawfully” commits an offence that causes death. It is subject to a higher standard of proof. In order to return such a verdict Harwood must have deliberately used force. It must also have been unlawful – it doesn’t matter whether Harwood knew it was unlawful. It must also have been dangerous. 10.32am: The judge is now directing the jury on the possible verdicts. He tells the jury that if they find the cause of death was a spontaneous heart attack, they must record a verdict of death by natural causes. Otherwise, they must consider unlawful killing, says judge Thornton. 10.30am: The judge tells the judy that if they find Dr [Freddy] Patel is right, “you will record cause of death coronary disease”. He goes on: “If you find that Dr [Nat] Cary is right you will record the cause of death as abdominal haemorrhage.” He explains that if the jury records Tomlinson died from abdominal haemorrhage, they need to decide whether the haemorrhage was caused by a baton strike or a push. If they find the cause of death to be coronary disease they should record whether it was caused by the stress of being pushed/struck or if it was unrelated. The jury are told they should not name any police officer. But they should record whether the police officer struck Tomlinson with a baton and whether he pushed him. The jury are also told they should record whether Tomlinson was walking towards or away from officers when he was struck. 10.27am: Judge Thornton tells the jury members that the inquest is a fact-finding mission and they are not expected to apportion blame. The judge says they should “not be influenced one way or the other” by the decision of the director of public prosecutions not to bring charges against Harwood nor the decision by the Metropolitan police to bring disciplinary charges against him. 10.24am: The jury members are told they will get a chance to examine the baton during a break in proceedings later. They are told that Harwood has confirmed (on a previous occasion) that it is of the type, weight, length that he used. The jury are initially being given the coroner’s directions in law in writing. 10.10am: Proceedings have begun. Judge Thornton says the evidence is closed apart from one small item. A baton of the type used by Simon Harwood on 1 April 2009 is being shown to the jury. It is not the actual baton he used. 10.00am: Good morning and welcome to live coverage of the inquest into the death of Ian Tomlinson, the newspaper seller who died after he was struck by police during the G20 protests in London on 1 April 2009. The jury has heard all the evidence and today the assistant deputy coroner, judge Peter Thornton QC, will sum up the case (he is due to start at 10am). Of interest will be whether he rules in/out the jury returning any verdicts, particularly “unlawful killing”. During the inquest the jury has heard evidence from Simon Harwood , the officer who struck Tomlinson, as well as Freddy Patel , the pathologist who concluded that Tomlinson died of a heart attack due to natural causes. The jury also heard from a number of medical experts who contradicted Patel’s evidence. For legal reasons, we cannot allow comments on this blog but if you have any observations questions please email me on haroon.siddique@guardian.co.uk or message me on twitter @haroon_siddique. Haroon Siddique guardian.co.uk

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Hundreds quit Syria’s ruling party over  crackdown

Members of president Assad’s ruling party have resigned in protest as uprising claims at least 500 lives Hundreds of president Bashar al-Assad’s ruling Ba’ath party have resigned in protest at an increasingly bloody crackdown on pro-democracy protesters which is now believed to have claimed more than 500 lives. News of the resignations emerged as a deeply divided UN security council failed to agree on a European and US-backed statement condemning the government’s use of violence . The draft – proposed by France, Britain, Germany and Portugal – was opposed by several within the 15-member security council, including Russia, Lebanon and India. Alexander Pankin, Russia’s ambassador to the UN, warned that a “real threat to regional security could arise from outside interference in Syria’s domestic situation”. France, Britain, Germany, Italy and Spain all summoned Syrian ambassadors in their countries and told them that they condemn the violence and said Assad must change tactics. But in a potentially embarrassing for the British government it has emerged that Sami Khiyami, the Syrian ambassador to London, is still on the guest list for the royal wedding. Meanwhile, the University of St Andrews, where Prince William and Kate Middleton studied, has announced it is to review the financing of one of its Syrian studies centres after the Guardian revealed that it funding was arranged with Khiyami’s help . Syrian human rights organisation Sawasiah said on Thursday that at least 500 civilians have been killed in the protests. Sawasiah, which was founded by jailed Syrian human rights lawyer Muhannad al-Hassani, also said thousands of Syrians have been arrested and scores have gone missing after demonstrations demanding political freedoms and an end to corruption erupted almost six weeks ago. Syria’s UN ambassador, Bashar Ja’afari welcomed the UN’s inaction, and blamed the violence on “extremist groups”. But while the international community failed to condemn the violence, signs of dissent within government ranks started to grow as over 230 members of the monolithic party that has ruled Syria since 1963 announced their resignation. “Considering the breakdown of values and emblems that we were instilled with by the party and which were destroyed at the hand of the security forces… we announce our withdrawal from the party without regret,” 30 party members from the coastal city of Banias said in a letter. They accused security forces and pro-government gunmen of opening fire at homes, mosques and churches and inciting sectarian strife between the country’s Sunni majority and Assad’s minority Alawite sect, an offshoot of Shia Islam. The city – which sits near the Alawite’s mountain heartland – has seen repeated street protests, which have been met with gunfire, raids and mass arrests by the security forces. Around two hundred members from the southern Hauran region – which includes the besieged city of Deraa – also stood down, citing the Ba’ath party leadership’s complicity with “crimes of the Syrian intelligence agencies”. Deraa, where protests against the Assad regime began six weeks ago , has been surrounded by troops for days, and residents are reportedly running out of food, water and medicine. Gunfire and sporadic explosions were heard in the city on Wednesday night, after dozens of tanks were seen heading to the city. “We have no electricity, no water, no telephones and no bread,” resident Abdullah Abazeid told The Associated Press by satellite telephone. “The situation is terrible.” Bodies of protesters killed by security forces are reportedly being stored in refrigerated trucks, and residents reported that snipers were firing at people in the streets. On Monday, the ultra-loyal Fourth Mechanised Division, commanded by Assad’s brother Maher were dispatched to the city. Reports from opposition figures and Deraa residents, which could not be confirmed, said that several soldiers from another unit had refused to fire on civilians. Some residents said that at least five army officers had sided with demonstrators, and conscripted soldiers sent into the city were quietly refusing orders to detain people at checkpoints and were allowing some people through to get scarce supplies. One diplomat told Reuters that there had been at least one instance this month of soldiers confronting secret police to stop them shooting at protesters. “No one is saying that Assad is about to lose control of the army, but once you start using the army to slaughter your own people, it is a sign of weakness,” he said. But the Syrian government denied that there had been any splits in the military, which is seen as fiercely loyal to Assad. In Damascus, news of the UN’s failure to condemn the crackdown was met with resigned disappointment, but activists have been heartened by news of the resignations. “It is only low-level but it shows that discontent is rippling through the ranks,” said one local analyst this morning. Although the officials have no real power, splits from the party, whose position as the leading party in state and society is enshrined in article 8 of the constitution, are rare. At least 10% of the 22 million population are believed to belong to the party, whose traditional power-base was among the rural and poorer sectors of society to which many of the protesters belong. Activists have been angered by the muted response of their Arab neighbours and had been hoping for a stronger international response. They have called for sanctions, travel bans and the freezing of assets – but are adamantly opposed to military intervention. Both pro and anti-regime camps have vowed to turn out in large numbers on Friday. Syria Arab and Middle East unrest Middle East Katherine Marsh guardian.co.uk

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Sweatshops still supplying high street

More than a decade after sweatshop labour for top brands became a mainstream issue, the problem still seems endemic across the global clothing and footwear sector Marks and Spencer’s, Next, Ralph Lauren, DKNY, GAP, Converse, Banana Republic, Land’s End, Levi’s. And so the list of brands go on and on. What do they all have in common? According to a deeply depressing report (pdf) by the International Textile Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation (ITGLWF), the factories in Asia contracted to make their products are still responsible for shocking working practices. More than a decade after sweatshop labour for high street brands became a mainstream issue, and after plenty of companies have instituted monitoring of their supply chains, the problem still seems endemic right across the global clothing and footwear sector. Many of the factories supplying the brands likely to dominate the Olympics in 2012, such as Adidas, Nike, Slazenger, Speedo and Puma, “are routinely breaking every rule in the book when it comes to labour rights”, according to the ITGLWF. The list of brands ultimately sourcing from the 83 factories surveyed in the report is so comprehensive, it seems to make a mockery of the whole idea that the high street has cleaned up its act. Factories in three countries – the Philippines, Indonesia and Sri Lanka – were surveyed, and not one of them paid a living wage to their combined 100,000-strong workforce. Many of them didn’t even pay the legal minimum wage. What the report also makes clear is that this is a gender issue: 76% of the surveyed workforce are women. Globalised supply chains exploit predominantly female labour. It’s an irony that probably escapes most of the women who do the bulk of high street shopping in the west. Women shopping for products made by other, underpaid, exploited, women. What’s more, things seem to be getting worse, rather than better. Employment is becoming more precarious as more workers are put on to temporary contracts, day labour, on call rather than with permanent jobs. That enables employers to dodge holiday pay, sick pay and written contracts. Employers also imposed compulsory overtime, lower wages and higher production targets on workers on these short-term contracts. Such precarious employment makes it harder for trade unions to organise and recruit, because contracts are not renewed if the worker has been involved in trade union activity. On average, 25% of workers in Indonesia were short-term or temporary, while in the Philippines it rose to 85% in one factory, 50% at another. In Sri Lanka, wages were paid on productivity targets – despite such a practice being illegal. At one factory in Girigara, basic pay was cut if targets set by the management were not achieved. At another factory owned by the same company in Katunayake, workers didn’t receive any incentive pay unless the entire quota was reached, but workers reported that the targets were impossible to meet so they never got their bonuses, even if they missed toilet breaks and rest periods to try and reach the target. At other factories, workers were forced to work overtime to meet productivity targets. The report found that excessive overtime was the “norm” in sportswear and leisurewear factories in Indonesia; workers in all the factories surveyed were doing between 10 and 40 hours of overtime a week. There were incidents of mental and physical abuse when workers failed to reach production targets – in one factory, 40 workers were locked in an unventilated room without access to toilet facilities, water and food for over three hours as a punishment. In Sri Lanka, workers were forced to work up to 130 hours per month in overtime, and anyone asking to leave would be verbally harassed. In the Philippines, 24% of workers said that they did not receive additional pay for their overtime. Typical hours can be 6am to 8pm. Many of the workers at these factories in Sri Lanka are young women from rural areas. They are told when recruited that the factories prefer them not to marry, and some companies even carry out pregnancy tests to weed out pregnant women. Sexual intimidation and abuse was common. In many cases, the employers’ behaviour was illegal, but the report – which picked factories at random – points out that what makes laws effective is a well resourced inspection regime. Without inspection, legislation is meaningless. It’s worth adding at the end of this catalogue of abuse that the UK Department for International Development (DfID) has just axed funding to the International Labour Organisation , one of the oldest international bodies in the world trying to improve labour standards. The ILO brings out a report on Friday in conjunction with the Asian Development Bank on women’s employment patterns across Asia and inequality. Retail industry Sri Lanka Philippines Indonesia International trade Madeleine Bunting guardian.co.uk

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